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Table TS.2 - Overview of projected regional changes and their relation to major climate phenomena.

Regions Projected Major Changes in Relation to Phenomena
Arctic
{14.8.2}
Wintertime changes in temperature and precipitation resulting from the small projected increase in North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO); enhanced warming
and sea ice melting; significant increase in precipitation by mid-century due mostly to enhanced precipitation in extratropical cyclones.
North America
{14.8.3}
Monsoon precipitation will shift later in the annual cycle; increased precipitation in extratropical cyclones will lead to large increases in wintertime
precipitation over the northern third of the continent; extreme precipitation increases in tropical cyclones making landfall along the western coast of
USA and Mexico, the Gulf Mexico, and the eastern coast of USA and Canada.
Central America and Caribbean
{14.8.4}
Projected reduction in mean precipitation and increase in extreme precipitation; more extreme precipitation in tropical cyclones making landfall along
the eastern and western coasts.
South America
{14.8.5}
A southward displaced South Atlantic Convergence Zone increases precipitation in the southeast; positive trend in the Southern Annular Mode displaces
the extratropical storm track southward, decreasing precipitation in central Chile and increasing it at the southern tip of South America.
Europe and Mediterranean
{14.8.6}
Enhanced extremes of storm-related precipitation and decreased frequency of storm-related precipitation over the eastern Mediterranean.
Africa
{14.8.7}
Enhanced summer monsoon precipitation in West Africa; increased short rain in East Africa due to the pattern of Indian Ocean warming; increased
rainfall extremes of landfall cyclones on the east coast (including Madagascar).
Central and North Asia
{14.8.8}
Enhanced summer precipitation; enhanced winter warming over North Asia.
East Asia
{14.8.9}
Enhanced summer monsoon precipitation; increased rainfall extremes of landfall typhoons on the coast; reduction in the midwinter suppression of
extratropical cyclones.
West Asia
{14.8.10}
Increased rainfall extremes of landfall cyclones on the Arabian Peninsula; decreased precipitation in northwest Asia due to a northward shift of extratropical
storm tracks.
South Asia
{14.8.11}
Enhanced summer monsoon precipitation; increased rainfall extremes of landfall cyclones on the coasts of the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea.
Southeast Asia
{14.8.12}
Reduced precipitation in Indonesia during July to October due to the pattern of Indian Ocean warming; increased rainfall extremes of landfall cyclones
on the coasts of the South China Sea, Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea.
Australia and New Zealand
{14.8.13}
Summer monsoon precipitation may increase over northern Australia; more frequent episodes of the zonal South Pacific Convergence Zone may reduce
precipitation in northeastern Australia; increased warming and reduced precipitation in New Zealand and southern Australia due to projected positive
trend in the Southern Annular Mode; increased extreme precipitation associated with tropical and extratropical storms
Pacific Islands
{14.8.14}
Tropical convergence zone changes affect rainfall and its extremes; more extreme precipitation associated with tropical cyclones
Antarctica
{14.8.15}
Increased warming over Antarctic Peninsula and West Antarctic related to the positive trend in the Southern Annular Mode; increased precipitation in
coastal areas due to a poleward shift of storm track.

Source: IPCC  Climate Change 2013: Technical Summary, p.106

Related publication:
Climate Change homeClimate Change: 2013 IPCC Update
Other Figures & Tables on this publication:

Box TS.1 - Treatment of Uncertainty

Figure TS.1 - Multiple complementary indicators of a changing global climate

Figure TS.2 - Change in surface temperature over 1901–2012

Figure TS.3 - Ice loss in Greenland and Antarctica

TFE.1, Figure 1 - Changes in sea surface salinity

TFE.1, Figure 2 - Changes in precipitation over 20th century

TFE.1, Figure 3 - Projected changes in precipitation, 21st century

TFE.2, Figure 1 - Comparison of observed trends with previous projections.

TFE.2, Figure 2 - Compilation of paleo sea level data

Figure TS.4 - Annual anthropogenic CO2 emissions

Figure TS.5 - Atmospheric composition.

Figure TS.6 - Radiative forcing and Effective radiative forcing of climate change during the Industrial Era

Figure TS.7 - Radiative forcing of climate change during the Industrial Era shown by emitted components from 1750 to 2011

Figure TS.8 - (Upper) Global anthropogenic present-day emissions weighted by the Global Warming Potential and the Global Temperature change Potential

Figure TS.9 - Global temperatures with and without anthropogenic forcing

Box TS.3, Figure 1 - Trends in temperature changes for the last few decades.

TFE.3, Figure 1 - Observed globally and annually averaged CO2 concentrations in parts per million since 1950 compared with projections from the previous IPCC assessments. Observed global annual CO2 concentrations are shown in dark blue.

Figure TS.10 - Likely ranges of warming trends.

TFE.4, Figure 1 - The Earth’s energy budget from 1970 through 2011

TFE.5, Figure 1 - Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation

Figure TS.11 - Simulated and observed 1951–2011 trends in the Southern Annular Mode index by season

Figure TS.12 - Comparison of observed and simulated change in the climate system, at regional scales and global scales

Box TS.4, Figure 1 - Summary of how well the current-generation climate models simulate important features of the climate of the 20th century

Box TS.5, Figure 1 - Simulations and reconstructions of the climate of the last millennium.

Box TS.6, Figure 1 - Modeled patterns of temperature and precipitation changes.

TFE.6, Figure 1 - Climate sensitivity

TFE.6, Figure 2 - Climate response

Figure TS.13 - Decadal prediction forecast quality of several climate indices.

Figure TS.14 - Synthesis of near-term projections of global mean surface air temperature

Figure TS.15 - Annual mean temperature change

Figure TS.16 - Maps of multi-model results for the scenarios in 2081–2100 of average percent change in mean precipitation

Figure TS.17 - Northern Hemisphere sea ice extent in September over the late 20th century and the whole 21st century for the scenarios

Figure TS.18 - Northern hemisphere snow cover and permafrost area over the 21st century

Figure TS.19 - Compatible fossil fuel emissions simulated by the CMIP5 models for the four RCP scenarios

Figure TS.20 - Time series (model averages and minimum to maximum ranges) and maps of multi-model surface ocean pH

TFE.7, Figure 1 - Percentage of CO2 pulse remaining in the atmosphere after a number of years

TFE.7, Figure 2 - Comparison of carbon cycle feedback metrics between the ensemble of seven General Circulation Models

Figure TS.21 - Projections of global mean sea level

Figure TS.22 - Projections from process-based models of global mean sea level

Figure TS.23 - Sea level rise in different scenarios

TFE.8, Figure 1 - Temperature increases in different scenarios

Figure TS.24 - Future change in monsoon statistics between the present-day (1986–2005) and the future (2080–2099)

Figure TS.25 - Standard deviation in CMIP5 multi-model ensembles of sea surface temperature variability over the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean

Figure TS.26 - Projected changes in tropical cyclone statistics.

TFE.9, Figure 1 - Global projections of the occurrence of extreme events

Table TS.1 - Projected change in global mean surface air temperature and global mean sea level rise for the mid- and late 21st century relative to the reference period of 1986–2005.

Table TS.2 - Overview of projected regional changes and their relation to major climate phenomena.

TFE.9, Table 1 - Extreme weather and climate events: Global-scale assessment of recent observed changes, human contribution to the changes and projected further changes for the early (2016–2035) and late (2081–2100) 21st century