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Fig. 1: Funnel plot of black smoke and "daily all cause mortality" in 47 studies.

This shows an asymmetrical distribution suggestive of publication bias

Funnel plot of black smoke and "daily all cause mortality" in 47 studies

Fig. 2: Funnel plot of studies of PM10 and daily mortality used in the WHO (2000).

There is no evidence of bias in the test or the formal plot.

Funnel plot of studies of PM10 and daily mortality used in the WHO (2000)

Fig. 3: Funnel plot of PM2.5 and daily mortality in North American studies.

There is moderate evidence of some bias. Formal test not significant (p<0.08)."

Funnel plot of PM2.5 and daily mortality in North American studies

Source: WHO Regional Office for Europe  Health Aspects of Air Pollution - answers to follow-up questions from CAFE (2004), Section 5.2

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Other Figures & Tables on this publication:

Table 2. Summary of meta-analysis of time-series studies published during the period 1996–2001

Table 3: Summary of studies measuring short-term effect on lung function

Table 4: Short-term effects of ozone on lung function, biological and other responses

Fig. 1: Funnel plot of black smoke and "daily all cause mortality" in 47 studies.

Table 1. Summary estimates for studies of PM10 and daily mortality by GAM or non-GAM statistical model and by single-city or multicity study design.