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Table 1. Summary estimates for studies of PM10 and daily mortality by GAM or non-GAM statistical model and by single-city or multicity study design.

Studies No. of estimates Summary
Estimate
95% CI
1 No numerical estimate for 95% CI given. Graphical representation of marginal posterior distribution for PM10 indicated that effect was very unlikely to be due to chance. Note that in the paper by Dominici et al. (2002), the pooled estimate using default convergence criteria is 0.41 (posterior standard error 0.05). We have chosen the estimate given in the earlier published report (Samet et al., 2000)
GAM      
All studies 172 0.60 (0.52, 0.68)
NMMAPS 90 0.5 No numerical estimate1
APHEA 2 21 0.6 (0.4, 0.8)
Single city studies 61 0.68 (0.57, 0.79)
Single city studies (adjusted for publication bias)   0.6 (0.5, 0.8)
Non-GAM      
Single city studies 26 0.55 (0.38, 0.73)
Single city studies (adjusted for publication bias)   0.4 (0.2, 0.6)
All Studies (GAM and Non-GAM) 198 0.59 (0.52, 0.66)

% change in mortality per 10 µg/m3 increase in PM10

Source: WHO Regional Office for Europe  Health Aspects of Air Pollution - answers to follow-up questions from CAFE (2004), Section 5.5

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Table 2. Summary of meta-analysis of time-series studies published during the period 1996–2001

Table 3: Summary of studies measuring short-term effect on lung function

Table 4: Short-term effects of ozone on lung function, biological and other responses

Fig. 1: Funnel plot of black smoke and "daily all cause mortality" in 47 studies.

Table 1. Summary estimates for studies of PM10 and daily mortality by GAM or non-GAM statistical model and by single-city or multicity study design.