Table TS.1. Current maturity of CCS system components.
An X indicates the highest level of maturity for each component. There are also less mature technologies for most components.
| CCS component |
CCS technology |
Research phase a |
Demonstration phase b |
Economically feasible under specific conditions c |
Mature market d |
a Research phase means that the basic science is understood, but the technology is currently in the stage of conceptual design or testing at the laboratory or
bench scale, and has not been demonstrated in a pilot plant.
b Demonstration phase means that the technology has been built and operated at the scale of a pilot plant, but further development is required before the
technology is required before the technology is ready for the design and construction of a full-scale system.
c Economically feasible under specific conditions means that the technology is well understood and used in selected commercial applications, for instance if
there is a favourable tax regime or a niche market, or processing on in the order of 0.1 MtCO2 yr-1, with few (less than 5) replications of the technology.
d Mature market means that the technology is now in operation with multiple replications of the technology worldwide.
e CO2 injection for EOR is a mature market technology, but when used for CO2 storage, it is only economically feasible under specific conditions.
f ECBM is the use of CO2 to enhance the recovery of the methane present in unminable coal beds through the preferential adsorption of CO2 on coal.
Unminable coal beds are unlikely to ever be mined, because they are too deep or too thin. If subsequently mined, the stored CO2 would be released.
|
| Capture |
Post-combustion |
|
|
X |
|
| Pre-combustion |
|
|
X |
|
| Oxyfuel combustion |
|
X |
|
|
| Industrial separation (natural gas processing, ammonia production) |
|
|
|
X |
| Transportation |
Pipeline |
|
|
|
X |
| Shipping |
|
|
X |
|
| Geological storage |
Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) |
|
|
|
Xe |
| Gas or oil fields |
|
|
X |
|
| Saline formations |
|
|
X |
|
| Enhanced Coal Bed Methane recovery (ECBM)f |
|
X |
|
|
| Ocean storage |
Direct injection (dissolution type) |
X |
|
|
|
| Direct injection (lake type) |
X |
|
|
|
| Mineral carbonation |
Natural silicate minerals |
X |
|
|
|
| Waste materials |
|
X |
|
|
| Industrial uses of CO2 |
|
|
|
|
X |
Source: IPCC  Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage: Technical Summary (2005)
1. Introduction and framework of this report, p. 18
|
