Level 2 - Details on Air Pollution

• Ozone
• 1. What is Ozone (O₃)
• 2. How does Ozone (O₃) affect human health?
  • 2.1 Effects of long-term exposure to levels of Ozone observed currently in Europe
  • 2.2 Is Ozone per se responsible for effects on health?
  • 2.3 Are health effects of Ozone influenced by the presence of other air pollutants?
  • 2.4 Characteristics of individuals that may influence how Ozone affects them
  • 2.5 Is there a threshold below which nobody’s health is affected by Ozone?
• 3. How are we exposed to Ozone (O₃)?
  • 3.1 Critical sources of Ozone responsible for health effects
  • 3.2 Relationship between ambient levels and personal exposure to Ozone
  • 3.3 Short-term exposure to high peak levels or exposure in hot spots of Ozone
• 4. Should current O₃ guidelines be reconsidered?
  • 4.1 Have positive impacts on public health of Ozone reductions been shown?
  • 4.2 Averaging period most relevant for Ozone standards to protect human health
  • 4.3 Reconsideration of the current WHO Guidelines for Ozone
• General issues & Recommendations
• 5. What are the uncertainties regarding this study?
  • 5.1 Uncertainties of the WHO answers, guidelines, and risk assessments
  • 5.2 Consideration of publication bias in the review
  • 5.3 Consistency of epidemiological and toxicological evidence in defining thresholds
  • 5.4 Contribution of different sources to PM-related health effects
  • 5.5 Impact of methods of analysis used in epidemiological studies
  • 5.6 Possible regional characteristics modifying the effects of air pollution
• 6. Are certain population groups particularly vulnerable?
• 7. General Conclusions
  • 7.1 Recommendations
  • 7.2 What other aspects of air pollution are important to address in the development of air pollution policy in Europe?
  • 7.3 Concluding remarks