| Energy supply [4.5] |
Reduction of fossil fuel subsidies |
Resistance by vested interests may make them difficult to implement |
| Taxes or carbon charges on fossil fuels |
| Feed-in tariffs for renewable energy technologies |
May be appropriate to create markets for low emissions technologies |
| Renewable energy obligations |
| Producer subsidies |
| Transport [5.5] |
Mandatory fuel economy, biofuel blending and CO2standards for road transport |
Partial coverage of vehicle fleet may limit effectiveness |
| Taxes on vehicle purchase, registration, use and motor fuels, road and parking pricing |
Effectiveness may drop with higher incomes |
| Influence mobility needs through land use regulations, and infrastructure planning |
Particularly appropriate for countries that are building up their transportation systems |
| Investment in attractive public transport facilities and non-motorised forms of transport |
| Buildings [6.8] |
Appliance standards and labelling |
Periodic revision of standards needed |
| Building codes and certification |
Attractive for new buildings. Enforcement can be difficult |
| Demand-side management programmes |
Need for regulations so that utilities may profit |
| Public sector leadership programmes, including procurement |
Government purchasing can expand demand for energy- efficient products |
| Incentives for energy service companies (ESCOs) |
Success factor: Access to third party financing |
| Industry [7.9] |
Provision of benchmark information |
May be appropriate to stimulate technology uptake. Stability of national policy important in view of international competitiveness |
| Performance standards |
| Subsidies, tax credits |
| Tradable permits |
Predictable allocation mechanisms and stable price signals important for investments |
| Voluntary agreements |
Success factors include: clear targets, a baseline scenario, third party involvement in design and review and formal provisions of monitoring, close cooperation between government and industry. |
| Agriculture [8.6, 8.7, 8.8] |
Financial incentives and regulations for improved land management, maintaining soil carbon content, efficient use of fertilizers and irrigation |
May encourage synergy with sustainable development and with reducing vulnerability to climate change, thereby overcoming barriers to implementation |
| Forestry/Forests [9.6] |
Financial incentives (national and international) to increase forest area, to reduce deforestation, and to maintain and manage forests |
Constraints include lack of investment capital and land tenure issues. Can help poverty alleviation. |
| Land use regulation and enforcement |
| Waste management [10.5] |
Financial incentives for improved waste and wastewater management |
May stimulate technology diffusion |
| Renewable energy incentives or obligations |
Local availability of low-cost fuel |
| Waste management regulations |
Most effectively applied at national level with enforcement strategies |
