Level 3 - Source on Nitrogen Dioxide

1. What is Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂)?

2. How does Nitrogen Dioxide affect human health?

2.1 Effects of long-term exposure to levels of NO₂ observed currently in Europe

          2.1.1 Chronic effects
          2.1.2 Effects on mortality

2.2 Is NO₂ per se responsible for effects on health?
2.3 Are health effects of NO₂ influenced by the presence of other air pollutants?
2.4 Characteristics of individuals that may influence how Nitrogen Dioxide affects them
2.5 Is there a threshold below which nobody’s health is affected by NO₂?

3. How are we exposed to Nitrogen Dioxide?

3.1 Critical sources of NO₂ responsible for health effects
3.2 Relationship between ambient levels and personal exposure to NO₂
3.3 Short-term exposure to high peak levels and exposure in hot spots for NO₂

4. Should current Nitrogen Dioxide guidelines be reconsidered?

4.1 Impacts on public health of NO₂ reductions
4.2 Averaging period most relevant for NO₂ standards to protect human health
4.3 Reconsideration of the current WHO Guidelines for NO₂

5. Conclusions on Nitrogen Dioxide (Level 1 only)