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The source document for this Digest states:
Exposure assessment
Occupational exposure
Occupational exposure to DIDP may occur:
- by skin contact with pure DIDP, or mixtures (formulations) or end products containing it,
- by inhalation (vapours and aerosol).
Oral exposure is not considered to be a significant route of exposure under normal working practices.
Few countries have defined Occupational Exposure Limits for DINP. In the UK, the HSE (1997) indicates an occupational exposure standard (8-hour TWA) of 5 mg/m3 for DIDP (CAS 26761-40-0). In Sweden, KEMI (1997) indicates a “level limit value” of 3 mg/m3 and a “short-term value” of 5 mg/m3 which apply to phthalates such as DIDP for which no specific- limit values have been defined.
Workers may be exposed to DIDP at different representative stages of its life cycle. The following exposure scenarios are considered:
1. manufacture of DIDP (reactor opening, drumming, pumping into tanks, cleaning, maintenance, etc.),
2. manufacture of products containing DIDP as a plasticizer or a solvent (adding, mixing, processing e.g. calendering, extruding, injection moulding, etc.)
3. use of end products containing DIDP (use of e.g. coatings, adhesives or inks).
In PVC formulations, the typical amount of DIDP is about 20 - 40% but may go up to 55%. In end products, the amount varies greatly from less than 1% to more than 50%.
Dermal exposure
In view of the very low absorption of DINP by the dermal route, a maximum dermal exposure of 5 mg/cm2 is intentionally assumed for all scenarios. Actual levels of dermal exposure are much lower in most occupational circumstances.
Inhalation exposure
Inhalation occupational exposure is resumed in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1 Inhalation occupational exposure
Due to the very low vapour pressure of DIDP, exposure by inhalation is in fact to air-borne particles (aerosols).
Source & ©:
ECB
Di-"isodecyl" Phthalate (DIDP), Summary of the Report, chapter 4: Human Health
Exposure assessment
Occupational exposure to DINP may occur:
- by skin contact with pure DINP, or mixtures (formulations) or end products containing it,
- by inhalation (vapours and aerosols)
Oral exposure is not considered to be a significant route of exposure under normal working practices.
Few countries have defined Occupational Exposure Limits for DINP. In the UK, the HSE (1997) indicates an occupational exposure standard (8-hour TWA) of 5 mg/m3 for DINP 2 (CAS 28553-12-0). In Sweden, KEMI (1997) indicates a “level limit value” of 3 mg/m3 and a “short-term value” of 5 mg/m3 which apply to phthalates such as DINP for which no specific limit values have been defined.
Workers may be exposed to DINP at different representative stages of its life cycle. The following exposure scenarios are considered:
1. manufacture of DINP (reactor opening, drumming, pumping into tanks, cleaning, maintenance, etc.),
2. manufacture of products containing DINP as a plasticizer or a solvent (adding, mixing, processing e.g. calendering, extruding, injection moulding, etc.)
3. use of end products containing DINP (use of e.g. coatings, adhesives or inks).
In PVC formulations, the typical amount of DINP is about 20 - 40% but may go up to 55%. In end products, the amount varies greatly from less than 1% to more than 50%.
Dermal exposure
In view of the very low absorption of DINP by the dermal route, a maximum dermal exposure of 5 mg/cm2 is intentionally assumed for all scenarios. Actual levels of dermal exposure are much lower in most occupational circumstances.
Inhalation exposure
Inhalation occupational exposure is resumed in Table 4.1.
Table 4.1 Inhalation occupational exposure
Due to the very low vapour pressure of DINP, exposure by inhalation is in fact to air-borne particles (aerosols).
Source & ©:
ECB
Di-"isodecyl" Phthalate (DIDP), Summary of the Report, chapter 4: Human Health
For more information, see the full ECB
Risk Assessment Report:
The source document for this Digest states:
Consumer exposure
DIDP is a plasticizer used in several flexible PVC end products as cables and wires, sheets, film, wall- and roof covering, flooring, coatings and synthetic leather (car seats, home furniture), shoes and boots, outdoor and rainwear, car under-body coating. DIDP is also used in several non-PVC end products as paints, printing inks, rubbers, latex and adhesives. All of these products are available to consumers. However, DIDP is not available to consumers as such. Consumer exposure may also occur through food and drinking because of contamination from packaging and processing equipment containing DIDP.
DIDP had been used in toys in the past, so it may be considered as an alternative to other phthalates in the future, consequently it may be of value to consider the risks of such possibility.
The young children exposure to DIDP will be assessed in two ways:
- without the toy scenario, regarding the present situation,
- with the toy scenario, considering the foreseeable future use of DIDP as a substitute for other phthalates in toys.
Table 4.2 summarises the end products containing DIDP, the sources of exposure and the categories of consumers exposed.
Table 4.2 End products containing DIDP, sources of exposure and categories of consumers exposed
Human internal exposures were calculated tak ing into account the following bioavailability factors as well as differences in oral and inhalation uptake between children and adults:
- oral internal exposure: 50% for adults and 100% for newborns and infants,
- inhalation internal exposure: 75% for inhal ation exposure in adults and 100% assu med for newborns and infants.
External and internal exposure for consumer are summarised in Table 4. 3.
Source & ©:
ECB
Di-"isodecyl" Phthalate (DIDP), Summary of the Report, chapter 4: Human Health
Consumer exposure
The main difficulty in assessing the level of consumer exposure to DINP is the ubiquity of this compound. As DINP is not chemically bound to PVC, it can be released during the entire cycle of life of end products that are used by consumers. These end products are building materials (cables, floor covering, paints, etc.), car undercoating, clothes, gloves, shoes and boots, etc. DINP has also been found in toys and child care articles. But DINP is not available to consumers as such. Consumer exposure may also occur through food and drinking because of contamination from packaging and processing equipment containing DINP.
Table 4. 2 sum marises the end products containing DINP, the sources of exposure and the categories of consu mers exposed.
Table 4.2 End products containing DINP, sources of exposure and categories of consumers exposed
Table 4.2 End products containing DINP, sources of exposure and categories of consumers exposed
Human internal exposures were calculated taking into account the following bioavailability factors as well as differences in oral and inhalation uptake between children and adults:
- oral internal exposure: 50% for adults and 100% for newborns and infants,
- inhalation internal exposure: 75% for inhal ation exposure in adults and 100% assu med for newborns and infants.
External and internal exposure for consumer are sum marised in Table 4. 3.
Table 4.3 External and internal exposure for consumers
Source & ©:
ECB
Di-"isodecyl" Phthalate (DIDP), Summary of the Report, chapter 4: Human Health
For more information, see the full ECB
Risk Assessment Report:
The source document for this Digest states:
Humans exposed via the environment
Adults
Based on the regional concentrations, the total daily intake for humans is 0.002 mg/kg bw/d.
Infants (0.5 – 3 years old)
Based on the regional concentrations, the total daily intake for infants is 0.013 mg/kg bw/d.
Combined exposure
Internal exposure for adults, children and infants are presented in Table 4. 4.
Table 4.4 Internal exposure for adults, children and infants
Source & ©:
ECB
Di-"isodecyl" Phthalate (DIDP), Summary of the Report, chapter 4: Human Health
Humans exposed via the environment
Adults
The estimated maximum total daily intake of 0.028 m g/kg bw/d will therefore also be used in the risk characterisation.
Infants (0.5 - 3 years old)
The estimated maximum total daily intake of 0.156 mg/kg bw/d will there fore also be used in the risk characterisation.
Combined exposure
Internal exposure for adults, children and infants are presented in Table 4. 4.
Table 4.4 Internal exposure for adults, children and infants
Source & ©:
ECB
Di-"isodecyl" Phthalate (DIDP), Summary of the Report, chapter 4: Human Health
For more information, see the full ECB
Risk Assessment Report:
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